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Book Preface
The Eleventh Edition of Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology is a comprehensive textbook that fulfills the needs of today's students while addressing the concerns of their teachers. We focused our attention on the question "How tin can we make this information meaningful, manageable, and comprehensible?"
During the revision process, nosotros drew upon our content cognition, research skills, artistic talents, and years of classroom experience to make this edition the best yet.
The broad changes to this edition are presented in the New to the Eleventh Edition section beneath, and the specific changes are presented in the Chapter-past-Chapter Changes in the Eleventh Edition section that follows.
New to the Eleventh Edition
In addition to the many technical changes in this edition, such as updated statistics and beefcake and physiology descriptions, nosotros have made the following key changes:
■■ NEW SmartArt Videos help students better navigate primal, complex pieces of fine art. Writer Kevin Petti walks students through select pieces of art from the book, providing additional background and particular.
■■ NEW design for homeostasis figures replaces former Tenth Edition figures in diverse capacity.
■■ NEW Questions have been added to selected figures in all chapters to reinforce text–art integration.
■■ Easier narrative leads to improved clarity of text. Clearly organized text uses simpler, shorter, more active sentences, with a reading level that makes reading and studying easier for students.
■■ Anatomical terms have been updated based on Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Histologica, and Terminologia Embryologica. Eponyms continue to exist included within the narrative.
Hallmark Features of This Text
■■ l Spotlight Figures provide highly visual one- and twopage presentations of tough topics in the book, with a detail focus on physiology.
■■ 29 Clinical Cases get students motivated for their future careers.
Each affiliate opens with a story-based Clinical Example related to the chapter content and ends with a Clinical Case Wrap-Upward.
■■ The repetition of the chapter-opening Learning Outcomes below the coordinated department headings within the chapters underscores the connection between the HAPS-based Learning Outcomes and the associated pedagogy points. Author Judi Nath saturday on the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) committee that developed the HAPS Learning Outcomes recommended to A&P teachers, and the Learning Outcomes in this volume are based on them.
Chapter-past-Affiliate Changes in the Eleventh Edition
This annotated Table of Contents provides examples of revision highlights in each chapter of the Eleventh Edition. For a more than complete list of changes, please contact the publisher.
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Beefcake and Physiology
• Added a new Department ane–1 on using the text and art in tandem.
• New separate section (1-4) on medical terminology.
• Reorganized the chapter to start with simpler anatomical topics and build to more complex physiological ones. Homeostasis and the roles of negative feedback now conclude the chapter as Sections one–7 and 1–8, respectively.
• NEW Figure ane–ane A Conceptual Framework for Learning
• NEW Clinical Annotation: Habeas Corpus ("You Shall Have the Body")
• NEW Clinical Note: The Sounds of the Body
• Figure 1–8 The Command of Room Temperature (new homeostasis design)
• Figure 1–9 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature (new homeostasis design)
• One-time Spotlight Figure one–x Diagnostic Imaging Techniques is at present a Clinical Note.
• Questions added to Figures 1–3, i–iv, 1–5, 1–six, and 1–9.Chapter 2: The Chemic Level of Organization
• Clinical Case: What Is Wrong with My Baby? revised
• Clinical Annotation: Radiation Sickness revised
• NEW Figure 2–i Hydrogen Atom with Electron Deject
• NEW Section 2–9 gathers together coverage of monomers, polymers, and functional groups to provide an overview to the organic compounds.
• Tabular array 2–eight.Turnover Times moved to the Appendix equally Turnover Times of Organic Components of Four Cell Types.
• NEW Clinical Note: Also Sweet on Sugar?
• Questions added to Figures ii–iii, 2–eight, 2–9, 2–12, two–15, 2–17,
ii–24, and two–26.
Chapter three: The Cellular Level of Organization
• Clinical Case: The Beat Must Go On! revised (new title)
• Figure 3–2 The Plasma Membrane revised (new added role b)
• Figure 3–viii Lysosome Functions revised
• NEW Clinical Annotation: Lysosomal Storage Disease
• NEW Clinical Note: Free Radicals
• Figure 3–13 The Procedure of Translation revise
EW Clinical Note: Drugs and the Plasma Membrane
• Effigy 3–21 Receptor–Mediated Endocytosis revised
• Spotlight Figure 3–23 Stages of a Cell'south Life Wheel revised
• Questions added to Figures 3–three, 3–9, three–11, iii–15, 3–17, 3–xviii, and three–nineteen.
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Arrangement
• NEW Effigy 4–1 An Orientation to the Body'south Tissues
• Figure 4–ii Jail cell Junctions revised (basal lamina replaces clear layer and reticular lamina replaces dense layer)
• Table four–1.Classifying Epithelia revised
• Connective tissue proper has been separated out into its own section, Department iv–5. This section now likewise includes the discussion of fasciae.
• Figure 4–ix The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper revised (added fibrocyte)
• Effigy 4–10 Embryonic Connective Tissues revised (at present share labels)
• The fluid connective tissues blood and lymph now have their own department, Section 4–6.
• Questions added to Figures 4–3, 4–xiv, 4–16, 4–18, and 4–xix. Chapter 5: The Integumentary Organisation
• NEW Clinical Instance: He Has Fish Skin!
• Figure 5–1 The Components of the Integumentary System revised
• The dermis and hypodermis sections have been moved up to become Sections v–2 and v–iii, respectively, to give students more anatomical background to sympathize the later physiological sections.
• Spotlight Figure 5–iii The Epidermis revised (matched SEM and art)
• NEW Clinical Note: Nips, Tucks, and Shots
• Effigy v–12 Hair Follicles and Hairs revised (new office b)
• Effigy five–14 Sweat Glands revised (uses eccrine sweat glands equally principal term)
• NEW Clinical Annotation: Your Skin, A Mirror of Your Health
• NEW Clinical Note: Burns and Grafts
• NEW Build Your Knowledge Figure 5–fifteen Integration of the INTEGUMENTARY system with the other body systems presented and then far (replaces System Integrator)
• Questions added to Figures v–one, five–six, 5–viii, 5–10, and 5–13.
Chapter half-dozen: Bones and Bone Construction (formerly chosen Osseous Tissue and Bone Construction)
• NEW Figure 6–iv Bone Lacking a Calcified Matrix
• Figure 6–5 Types of Os Cells revised (art and layout to parallel text)
• NEW Figure vi–6 Osteons of Compact Bone (quondam role a removed)
• We now clarify in the section titles that Section vi–five covers both interstitial and appositional growth, while remodeling is covered in Section half-dozen–6.
• Spotlight Effigy vi–17 Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair revised (tibia replaces humerus to ameliorate friction match photograph)
• Questions added to Figures six–3, vi–5, half dozen–7, and 6–10.Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton
• Figure vii–2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull revised
• Figure 7–3 The Adult Skull revised (hyphenates the terms supraorbital and infra-orbital)
• Effigy 7–nine The Ethmoid revised (ethmoidal labyrinth replaces lateral mass)
• Spotlight Figure 7–4 Exclusive Anatomy of the Skull revised (updated trigeminal nerve [Five] terminology)
• Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex revised (art and photograph at present share labels)
• Figure 7–15 The Nasal Complex revised (function b new art)
• Effigy 7–17 The Vertebral Column revised (new color-coded vertebral regions)
• Figure 7–22 Sacrum and Coccyx revised (new coccyx characterization configuration)
• Questions added to Figures 7–16, seven–17, and vii–23.
Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
• NEW Clinical Case: Timber!!
• Figure viii–six Basic of the Correct Wrist and Hand revised (carpal bones separated out into proximal and distal carpals)
• NEW Clinical Notation: Shin Splints
• Clinical Note: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome includes new illustration
• Questions added to Figures 8–1, 8–six, 8–8, and eight–12. Chapter 9: Joints
• NEW Clinical Note: Bursitis and Bunions
• NEW Clinical Note: Dislocation
• Spotlight Effigy 9–2 Articulation Movement revised (headings labeled as parts a, b, and c; plane joint replaces gliding joint)
• Effigy 9–5 Special Movements (part labels added; arrows moved onto photographs in new parts d and e)
• Section 9–5 now covers the hinge joints of the elbow and human knee, while Section 9–six covers the ball-and-socket shoulder and hip joints.
• NEW Build Your Knowledge Figure 9–xi Integration of the SKELETAL system with the other body systems presented so far (replaces System Integrator)
• Questions added to Figures 9–ane, nine–3, ix–6, and 9–9.Chapter x: Muscle Tissue
• NEW Clinical Case: Proceed on Keepin' On
• Figure x–1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles revised (added tendon attachment to bone)
• Figure ten–v Sarcomere Construction, Superficial and Cross-Sectional Views revised (new figure icon)
• Figure 10–6 Levels of Functional Arrangement in a Skeletal Muscle revised (new grouping of art)
• Figure 10–7 Sparse and Thick Filaments revised (new fine art for parts b, c, and d)
• Spotlight Figure 10–9 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction revised (art at present shows Na+ flow through membrane channels)
• Spotlight Figure 10–xi The Contraction Cycle and Cantankerous-Span Formation revised (improved step boxes visibility)
• Figure 10–16 Furnishings of Repeated Stimulations revised (new art organization and explanatory text)
• Information about tension production at the level of skeletal muscles has been separated out into a new section, Section ten–6.
• Effigy 10–20 Muscle Metabolism revised (text and fine art in lesser box)
• Figure 10–21 Fast versus Ho-hum Fibers revised (micrograph is a TEM not LM)
• Coverage of muscle fatigue has been moved from the musculus metabolism department to the muscle operation section, Section ten–viii.
• NEW Clinical Annotation: Electromyography
• Discussion on the effects of skeletal muscle aging has been moved from Affiliate 11 and included with muscle hypertrophy and atrophy in Section 10–eight.
• Questions added to Figures x–iii, ten–6, 10–14, and x–21. Chapter eleven: The Muscular System
• NEW Clinical Case: Downward-Facing Canis familiaris
• Figure 11–ane Muscle Types Based on Design of Fascicle System revised
• Figure 11–ii The Three Classes of Levers revised (new icons for each lever)
• Spotlight Figure eleven–3 Muscle Action revised (new art in office c)
• The introduction to axial and appendicular muscles has been made into a separate section, Section 11–five, to provide an overview before nosotros encompass the muscles in detail.
• NEW Clinical Annotation: Signs of Stroke
• Figure 11–12 Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm revised (added transversus thoracis label to part c)
• Figure eleven–17 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand revised (corrected leader for triceps brachii, medial head)
• Figure xi–xviii Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers revised
• Figure xi–21 Muscles That Motility the Leg revised (quadriceps femoris replaces quadriceps muscles)
• NEW Build Your Cognition Figure 11–24 Integration of the MUSCULAR system with the other body systems presented so far (replaces System Integrator)
• Questions added to Figures eleven–five, xi–6, 11–10, 11–17, 11–xix, and xi–21. Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
• Chapter title changed from Neural Tissue to Nervous Tissue
• Department 12–1 includes give-and-take of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) equally a third division of the nervous system
• Effigy 12–ane A Functional Overview of the Nervous System revised (added a body figure to support text-art integration)
• Moved coverage of synapse structures from Section 12–2 into Section 12–7 and so it is now correct before students need it to empathise synaptic function.
• Figure 12–3 Structural Classification of Neurons revised (moved part labels and text above art)
• Figure 12–five Neuroglia in the CNS revised (deleted micrograph; characterization grouping for neuroglia)
• Schwann cell text updated (neurolemmocytes replaces neurilemma cells and neurolemma replaces neurilemma).
• Figure 12–7 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration subsequently Injury revised
• Spotlight Effigy 12–eight Resting Membrane Potential revised (text revised in beginning two columns)
• Figure 12–9 Electrochemical Gradients for Potassium and Sodium Ions revised (text revised in part c)
• Effigy 12–eleven Graded Potentials revised (text in step 2)
• NEW Spotlight Figure 12–13 Generation of an Activeness Potential revised (text in step boxes)
• Figure 12–xiv Propagation of an Action Potential revised (added function labels)
• NEW Figure 12–xvi Events in the Functioning of a Cholinergic Synapse revised (now runs beyond two pages; text in steps revised)
• Table 12–four Representative Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators revised (endorphins separated from opioids)
• Figure 12–17 Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter and Receptor Function revised (chemically gated ion channel art now matches that in previous figures)
• Questions added to Figures 12–2, 12–four, and 12–16.Chapter xiii: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
• Figure 13–1 An Overview of Chapters 13 and 14 revised
• Figure 13–2 Gross Beefcake of the Adult Spinal Cord revised (added new part b)
• Uses the term posterior and anterior in reference to spinal roots, ganglion, and rami instead of dorsal and ventral (e.thousand., Figure xiii–3,
xiii–4, 13–5, and Spotlight Figure 13–viii)
• Figure 13–vi A Peripheral Nervus revised (corrected magnified section in part a)
• NEW Figure thirteen–9 Nerve Plexuses and Peripheral Fretfulness revised (labels grouped and boxed)
• Figure 13–10 The Cervical Plexus revised (corrected cranial nervus designation, e.g., accessory nerve [XI] replaces accessory nerve
[Due north XI])
• Effigy 13–12 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses revised (removed Clinical Note)
• Spotlight Figure xiii–14 Spinal Reflexes revised (added part labels to better coordinate with text)
• Effigy thirteen–15 The Nomenclature of Reflexes revised (reorganized categories within inclusive boxes)
• Figure thirteen–17 The Plantar Reflex and Babinski Reflex revised (Babinski reflex replaces Babinski sign/positive Babinski reflex and plantar reflex replaces negative Babinski reflex)
• Questions added to Figures 13–3, 13–5, 13–ix, and 13–fifteen. Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
• Figure 14–1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions revised (added part labels a–f to meliorate coordinate with text)
• Effigy 14–2 Ventricular Arrangement revised (ventricular system of the encephalon replaces ventricles of the encephalon)
• Figure fourteen–three The Relationships among the Brain, Attic, and Cranial Meninges revised periosteal cranial dura replaces dura mater [periosteal layer] and meningeal cranial dura replaces dura mater [meningeal layer])
• Figure 14–v The Diencephalon and Brainstem revised (corrected cranial nervus designation, due east.g., in Cranial Nerves box, CN replaces N for nerve designations.)
• The sections on the midbrain (at present Department fourteen–5) and cerebellum (at present Section xiv–6) accept been switched, so that we at present cover all of the brainstem together.
• Figure 14–10 The Thalamus revised (thalamic nuclei labels now color coded to clarify brain regions that receive thalamic input; medial geniculate body and lateral geniculate body supervene upon medial geniculate nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus)
• Figure 14–18 Origins of the Cranial Nerves revised (new brain cadaver photograph; cranial nerve labels boxed together)
• Questions added to Figures fourteen–i, 14–3, 14–9, 14–13, 14–15, xiv–22, and 14–26
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